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Impact of Terrain on Arizona Weather Predictions

One of the reasons for building this site was to track computer model forecasts in Arizona locations with strong terrain impacts on their weather. This site tracks computer model forecasts and precipitation reports for 3 CoCoRaHS locations in Anthem, and government sites in Flagstaff, Bellemont, and Munds Park. When a precipitation forecast such as the one for September 17, 2026, comes in unusually strong, it’s interesting to follow up and see what actually fell.

Map of CoCoRaHS precipitation reports for the Anthem, Arizona area on September 17, 2026. Two stations near Anthem Country Club and one near Anthem itself show lower totals in the 0.19 to 2.12 inch range. A station well to the south, near Desert Hills and Tramonto, shows 3.19 to 3.51 inches, the highest total on the map.
The three CoCoRaHS stations tracked for this post cluster near Anthem (yellow markers), while the fourth station that recorded 3.19 inches sits well to the south, near Desert Hills and Tramonto. The storm’s SSW to NNE flow ran almost straight through the area.

For my Anthem location, the GFS model suddenly predicted significant rain, but not until two days before. Even with the big prediction, the actual amount was higher, and the GFS model peak was the only model to come close. Another site to the south of this one reported over 3 inches. Still, it looks like the GFS model did the best job, albeit late in the timeline.

Line chart titled anthem_local showing forecast precipitation in inches by lead time in days for GFS, IFS, NBM, and ICON, against a dashed line marking 2.03 inches observed. GFS peaks at 1.80 inches two days before the event, the closest any model gets. All other models stay below 1.0 inch at every lead time.
Precipitation forecasts for the Anthem CoCoRaHS station by lead time, against an observed total of 2.03 inches. GFS’s two-day-out forecast of 1.80 inches came closest, and no other model reached even half that.

Until you look at what happened to Flagstaff, Bellemont, and Munds Park. First, Munds Park looks interesting, but not consistent. The NBM, which is a blend of other models, gets pretty close 8 days out and the day before. GFS looks repeatedly close. The European models, IFS and ICON, are consistently low. So, another win for GFS?

Line chart titled munds_park showing forecast precipitation in inches by lead time in days for GFS, IFS, NBM, and ICON, against a dashed line marking 0.66 inches observed. NBM comes close to observed at both one day and eight days out. GFS is also close at several lead times but swings between roughly 0 and 0.9 inches. IFS and ICON stay mostly under 0.3 inches.
Forecasts for Munds Park against an observed total of 0.66 inches. NBM landed close both eight days out and the day before, and GFS was repeatedly in range too, though less consistently.

Flagstaff and Bellemont end up looking very similar, because they did not receive much rain.

Line chart titled kflg showing forecast precipitation in inches by lead time in days for GFS, IFS, NBM, and ICON, against a dashed line marking 0.02 inches observed. GFS ranges widely, peaking near 1.10 inches at four days out. IFS and ICON stay consistently close to zero, near the observed value, across all lead times.
Forecasts for the Flagstaff station against an observed total of just 0.02 inches. GFS swung as high as 1.10 inches, while IFS and ICON stayed low and close to what actually fell.

Wow, what a change. IFS and ICON are much closer and more consistently low. GFS is all over the place. And here’s the issue: long-range computer models aren’t very good at catching terrain effects.

The storms on September 17, 2026, had a mostly SSW to NNE flow to them. This favors heavy dumping in Anthem because of Daisy Mountain. Munds Park, which lies to the south of Flagstaff, was more in the target than either Flagstaff or Bellemont.